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F. X. Browne, Inc. |
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Sustainable Environments |
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February 2010 |
"Have a heart that never
hardens,
a temper that never tires,
and a touch that never hurts."
- Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
Editors Note
Happy Valentines Day from F. X. Browne, Inc.!
Winter Hibernation
It’s no coincidence that I’ve mentioned the word hibernation more than a few times over the past few months. Though I appreciate winter and know its worth in our ecosystem, I’m not a big fan of the cold. I’m not the only one. There are many species in our ecosystem that hibernate throughout the winter months.
A true hibernator, like a chipmunk, can reduce its body temperature to near freezing and reduce its heart rate from 350 beats to 4 beats per minute within hours. A bear is not a true hibernator, though their hear beat is reduced to 50 beats per minute during its winter dormancy. After several months, it may drop to 8 beats per minute. A bear’s body temperature does not reduce during these periods, allowing them to wake quickly. A pregnant bear will wake mid-winter to give birth. They then go back to sleep while their cubs nurse. Rodents that are true hibernators wake every few weeks to eat and pass wastes. The largest, the Woodchuck or Groundhog, can spend more than half its life sleeping.
Source: http://enature.com/articles/detail.asp?storyID=409
Animals have some amazing tools to survive the winter months. Penguins save energy and heat by using special nasal passages when they exhale to reclaim the warm air. Honey bees, bats and ladybugs will all cluster together with their own species to keep warm. Macaques monkeys (from Japan) take baths in volcanic springs to keep warm (I’m so jealous!). Some plants utilize snow to trap heat and insulate from winter winds. Some fish use a natural anti-freeze in low temperatures.
Source: http://blogs.nwf.org/arctic_promise/2008/02/animals--the-ma.html?20100118_WLO_January_Edition
~ Lisen Cummings, Sustainable Environments Editor/Designer
News Clips
Discovery of Algae's Toxic Hunting Habits
Could Help Curb Fish Kills
Recently there have been massive fish kills caused by an algae (Karlodinium
veneficum) found in the Chesapeake Bay and waterways around the world. The
algae emit a poison (karlotoxin) which damages the gills of fish. When
large algal blooms develop, they have harmful impacts on aquatic life.
Studies now show that the algae use the toxin to stun and capture its prey.
Researchers feel that they can reduce bloom frequency and intensity by
reducing the nutrient load that feeds the algae’s prey.
ScienceDaily, January 26, 2010
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100121140342.htm
Philadelphia’s ‘Sustainable Skylines’ Initiative Begins
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) program ‘Sustainable Skylines’ is focused on improving air quality and promoting sustainability. They have chosen Philadelphia as the third city in the nation to pilot the program. The Philadelphia SSI team has chosen the following five projects: Energy Efficiency and Conservation Campaign, Lawn Equipment Replacement Program, Anti-Idling Education, Corporate Support for a Tree Planting Program, and Diesel Retrofits and Replacement.
Unused Pharmaceuticals: a Waste Management Time Bomb
The disposal of unused prescription medications has become a waste management issue for water systems, sewer systems, and landfills. The federal government does not regulate water testing for pharmaceuticals or safety limits. The risks are largely unknown.
By
Burton J. Kunik, MSW Management Journal, November-December 2009
http://www.mswmanagement.com/november--december-2009/hazardous-wastes-drugs.aspx
Managing Runoff One Sprout at a Time
The Chicago Botanic Garden (CBG) opened the Daniel F. and Ada L. Rice Plant Conservation Science Center in September 2009. It includes a 16,000 square foot green roof garden that will be utilized by scientists to study which plants will thrive, provide insulation, decrease the heat-island effect, lengthen the roofs lifespan, and reduce stormwater runoff. The north section was planted with a mix of native and exotic plants currently utilized for green roofs. The south section was planted with North American native plants. Studies have shown that over 80% of stormwater can be retained through the use of green roofs.
By Neda
Simeonova, Water & Wastes Digest, wwwdmag.com, January 2009, Volume 1, Number 1
http://www.estormwater.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=showArticle&articleID=11381
Ten Steps for a Recycling Campaign
This article presents 10
steps for developing or invigorating a recycling public education campaign. The
ten steps include deciding who will do the work, establishing clear goals,
targeting your audience, getting to know your target audience, developing your
message, benchmarking, selecting an educational approach, defining success for
your program, developing a feedback loop, and evaluating your program.
By Katie Brown and Scott Pasternak, MSW Management magazine,
January-February 2010
http://www.mswmanagement.com/january-february-2010/recycling-outreach-campaign.aspx
Phragmites Partners With Microbes to Plot Native Plants' Demise
Phragmites australis is an invasive species from Eurasia that has had dire effects on its cousin native to North America. Researchers from the University of Delaware have discovered that Phragmites australis works with microbial and enzymatic activity in the soil to reduce native species populations. The invasive Phragmites produces higher levels of gallotannin than its native cousin, which reduces native plant populations.
ScienceDaily, December 28, 2009
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/12/091223125135.htm
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Have some fun this year with your Valentine’s Day ringtone. Free wildlife ringtones by eNature show your love of wildlife and sense of adventure. You can listen to examples, learn about courting/mating behavior and send your favorite ringtone to your cell phone. |
Policy Update
Preliminary 2010 Effluent Guidelines Program Plan
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) published this plan in the Federal Register on December 29, 2009.
It does not contain regulatory requirements, but outlines the process
that the EPA will use to revise or establish new effluent guidelines
(technology-based water pollution control regulations). Comments will
be accepted for 60 days. For more information, visit
www.epa.gov/guide/304m/.
Potential Rule to Strengthen Stormwater
Regulations
The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is discussing a potential rule to
strengthen stormwater regulations and to create a program to reduce
stormwater caused by new development and redevelopment. The EPA will
accept written comments until February 26, 2010. Subjects of the rule
include the following goals: expand the area subject to federal
stormwater regulations; establish specific requirements to control
stormwater discharges from new development and redevelopment; develop a
single set of consistent stormwater requirements for all municipal
separate storm sewer systems; require those sewer systems to address
stormwater discharges in areas of existing development through
retrofitting the sewer system or drainage area with improved stormwater
control measures; and explore specific stormwater provisions to protect
sensitive areas.
For more information, visit
http://www.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/rulemaking
EPA Seeks Public Input on Interim
Guidance for Dioxins in Soil Cleanup Goals
The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is seeking public comment on draft
interim preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for cleanup of dioxins in
soil. Dioxins are contaminants that may cause negative health effects.
EPA’s recommended levels for dioxins are proposed to be decreased from
1,000 part per trillion (ppt) to 72 ppt for residential soils and from
5,000-20,000 ppt to 950 ppt for commercial/industrial land. Another
change includes discussion of the potential of skin exposure to
dioxins. Public comment will be accepted for 50 days from publication
in the Federal Register, on January 7, 2010. The final interim PRGs are
expected in June 2010. For more information, visit
http://www.epa.gov/superfund/policy/remedy/sfremedy/remedies/dioxinsoil.html
EPA's Effluent Guidelines: The Final Rule
The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has released the final “Effluent
Guidelines for Discharges from the Construction and Development
Industry”. The guidelines will limit effluent discharges from a
construction site, such as stormwater runoff. For sites of 10 acres or
more, nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) have been limited to a daily
average of 280. It will not apply to days with a storm larger than the
two-year, 24-hour storm.
By Janice Kaspersen, Erosion Control Magazine, January-February 2010
http://www.erosioncontrol.com/january-february-2010/epa-effluent-guidelines.aspx
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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is providing the “Eyes on Drilling” tipline for the general public to report non-emergency suspicious activity related to oil and natural gas development. You can call 1-877-919-4EPA (toll free) or e-mail eyesondrilling@epa.gov if you observe suspicious activity and/or see illegal disposal of wastes. For emergencies or hazardous spills, call the National Response Center at 1-800-424-8802. Report the location, time and date of the activity, materials, equipment and vehicles involved and any observable environmental impacts. If possible, also take photographs. http://www.epa.gov/region03/marcellus_shale/tipline.html
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Grants and Awards
PA DEP Coastal Resources Management Program
2010 Coastal Zone Grants sub-grant awards are made to state and local agencies and incorporated nonprofit organization in the Delaware Estuary or Lake Erie Coastal Zones.
http://www.dep.state.pa.us/river/grants/crmgrants/crmgrants.htm
PA DEP Enactment of Ordinances and Implementation of Stormwater Management Plans
This program reimburses municipalities for costs associated with adopting or revising ordinances to comply with the Pennsylvania Stormwater Management Act.
http://www.depweb.state.pa.us/watershedmgmt/cwp/view.asp?a=1437&q=518836&watershedmgmtNav=|
Department of Conservation and Natural Resources Electronic Grants System
The Department of Conservation and Natural Resources provides eGrants, an electronic grants system that contains all available DCNR grants. Applications can be submitted online.
https://www.grants.dcnr.state.pa.us/index.aspx
Keystone Historic Preservation Grant Program
This grant is available to nonprofits and local governments for preserving, restoring, and/or rehabilitating historic resources. It is a competitive matching grant with a maximum award of $100,000. Application submission deadline is March 1, 2010.
http://www.artsnet.org/phmc/grants.htm#clg
Conservation Easement Assistance Program
Provided by the Pennsylvania Land Trust Association, this program assists with transaction costs for conservation easements, for a total of $5,000 per easement transaction. The program assists with completing conservation and trail easements, amending and restating older easements, establishing or updating baseline documentation and installing signs on eased properties.
Chesapeake Bay Watershed Initiative
Under the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Initiative (CBWI), eligible landowners can use available technical and financial assistance to address soil erosion, sedimentation, and excess nutrients in streams and waterways, as well as other related natural resource concerns such as air quality, wetlands, wildlife habitat, and forestry. Applications for CBWI will be accepted continuously and evaluated on a monthly basis. To apply, farmers must fill out an application form and contact their local NRCS office. Pennsylvania agricultural producers located within the Chesapeake Bay watershed may be eligible to apply.
http://www.pa.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/cbwi/index.html
Chesapeake Bay Trust Mini Grants
This program provides up to $5,000.00 for projects that focus on the Chesapeake Bay Trust's priorities. These grants are typically used for educational purposes, small projects, and public awareness initiatives. Grant applications will be considered until funds are exhausted.
http://www.cbtrust.org/site/c.enJIKQNoFiG/b.2028473/k.BBF6/Mini_Grant_Program.htm
American Water Environmental Grant Program
Grants are provided for projects that improve, restore or protect a watershed.
http://www.amwater.com/Ensuring-Water-Quality/environmental-grants-program.html
1675 Foundation
This foundation offers support to organizations for arts/culture,
education, the environment, health, human services and history. Priority is
given to Philadelphia and Chester
Counties. Grants ranging from $2,000 to $50,000 are available to organizations
that are tax exempt under IRS Code 501(c)(3) or public charities under
IRS Code 509(a). Applications are due March 1 and October 1 of each year.
http://www.1675foundation.org/guidelines.htm
Bridgestone Americas Trust Fund
This Trust provides charities with funding to support education,
the environment/conservation, or children’s programs.
http://www.bridgestone-firestone.com/trustfund.asp
William Penn Foundation Grants
This foundation provides grants that protect, conserve, and restore water resources that drain to the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers.
http://www.williampennfoundation.org/info-url_nocat3569/info-url_nocat.htm
Maryland DNR Grants and Loans
Visit this site for a comprehensive list of Maryland Department
of Natural Resources Grants and Loans.
http://www.dnr.state.md.us/land/grantsandloans/index.asp
Maryland DNR Tree-Mendous Program – Trees for Schools Project
The Trees for Schools Project assists teachers and students in Montgomery County Public Schools to plant native trees in their school yards. Six-foot tall native trees are provided at no charge to the schools with educational fact sheets on how trees benefit the environment.
http://www.dnr.state.md.us/dnrnews/pressrelease2009/081809a.asp
The Maryland Urban and Community Forest Committee (MUCFC) Grants
The Maryland Urban and Community Forest Committee (MUCFC) is providing maximum grants of $1,500 to projects for tree planting and care. Grants are reviewed on or about September 15, February 15 and June 15.
http://www.dnr.state.md.us/forests/programs/urban/grantapp.pdf
PennVEST Loans – Pennsylvania Infrastructure Investment Authority
Loans are provided for drinking water, wastewater and stormwater loans, on-lot sewage disposal funds, and Brownfield redevelopment.
http://www.pennvest.state.pa.us/pennvest/cwp/browse.asp?A=4
Pennsylvania Pollution Prevention Assistance Program (PPAA) Loans
This program provides loans for small businesses to implement pollution prevention and energy-efficiency projects. Funding is provided at a 2% interest rate, up to a 10 year term for 75% of the project cost, up to a maximum of $100,000.00. This program may be used by businesses in Pennsylvania with 100 or less full-time employees for the acquisition and installation of machinery and equipment.
http://www.depweb.state.pa.us/enintech/cwp/view.asp?a=1413&q=503114
Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Grants Page
The PHMC offers many grants covering topics such as Historical Markers, Technical Assistance, Certified Local Governments, and more.
http://www.artsnet.org/phmc/grants.htm#clg
NY DEC Grants
Visit this site for a comprehensive list of New York Department
of Environmental Conservation Grants and Loans.
http://www.dec.ny.gov/pubs/grants.html
USDA Rural Development Water and Waste Disposal (WWD) Loan and Grant Program for Rural Areas
This program provides loans, grants, loan guarantees and technical assistance for water, sanitary, waste and storm drainage facilities in rural areas and towns of 10,000 or less. Assistance is provided to public entities, non-profit organizations and federally recognized Indian tribes. Applications are accepted continually.
http://www.usda.gov/rus/water/program.htm
USDA Technical Assistance and Training Grants for Rural Areas
These grants are provided for identifying solutions for water and waste disposal problems, assist in preparing applications for water and waste grants, and improving operations and maintenance of existing facilities. Private non-profit organizations located in rural areas and towns of 10,000 or less are eligible. Applications accepted October 1 through December 31 every year.
http://www.usda.gov/rus/water/tatg.htm
USDA Solid Waste Management Grant Program for Rural Areas
These grants are provided to public bodies, private non-profit organizations and Native American tribes for reducing/eliminating pollution of water resources and improving planning/management of solid waste sties in rural areas. Applications accepted October 1 through December 31 every year.
http://www.usda.gov/rus/water/SWMG.htm
PA Resource Enhancement and Protection Program (REAP)
This program provides farmers and business with tax credits in exchange for Best Management Practices (BMPs) on agricultural operations to enhance production and protect natural resources. Applications will be accepted till fiscal year 2009-2010 appropriations are committed to projects.
http://www.agriculture.state.pa.us/agriculture/cwp/view.asp?a=3&q=145155
Gannett Foundation – Community Action Grants
Funds are granted to provide education/neighborhood improvement, economic development, youth development, community problem-solving, assistance to disadvantaged people, environmental conservation and cultural enrichment. Applications are due February 16 and August 17 of each year.
http://www.gannettfoundation.org/guidelines.htm
H2O PA – High Hazard Unsafe Dam Projects
Grants between $500,000 and $20,000,000 are provided to municipalities, municipal authorities, the Commonwealth and independent agencies for projects that repair, rehabilitate, or remove all or some of a high hazards unsafe dam.
H2O PA Water Infrastructure Projects Bonds
The Commonwealth Financing Authority has issued $400 million in bonds for projects that impact water, water infrastructure, wastewater systems, and high hazard dam projects. The bonds are designated as “Build AAmerica Bonds” under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. They are taxable bonds with an interest rate subsidized by the federal government. Applications are due July 1, 2010.
Visit http://www.newpa.com/find-and-apply-for-funding/commonwealth-financing-authority/index.aspx and search for H2O PA for more information.
New Jersey DEP Grants and Loans
Visit this site for a comprehensive list of New Jersey Department
of Environmental Protection Grants and Loans.
http://www.nj.gov/dep/grantandloanprograms/index.html
Members of the Earth Day Network Educator’s Network are eligible for grants from $500 to $3,500. They are looking for individuals who are involved with greening their schools. Activities include construction projects, implementing environmental education, performing civic action, and achieving policy reform.
http://www.earthday.net/files/newapp.pdf
Coldwater Heritage Partnership – Conservation Grants Program
Grants are provided to protect and conserve the health of Pennsylvania’s coldwater ecosystems. Grants average $6,000 and are designed to help organizations develop conservation plans to identify values and threats to coldwater ecosystems.
http://www.coldwaterheritage.org/grantapplication.htm
Foundation for Pennsylvania Watershed Grants
Grants are provided to 501(c)3 nonprofit organizations only. The primary area ranges from the Ohio border to the Susquehanna River’s mainstem. Letters of inquiry for the spring round of grants are due February 27, 2010. Full proposals are due March 23, 2010. Letters of inquiry for the fall round of grants are due August 27, 2010. Full proposals are due October 1, 2010.
http://www.pennsylvaniawatersheds.org/?page_id=20
Five Star Restoration Matching Grants Program
Financial
assistance is provided to diverse local partnerships for wetland, riparian, and
coastal habitat restoration. Applications are due via Easygrants (www.nfwf.org/easygrants)
by February 11, 2010.
http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Charter_Programs_List&Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&TPLID=30&ContentID=14123
EPA – Communities Wanting to Reduce Pollution at the Local Level Grants
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is providing almost $2 million through the Community Action for a Renewed Environment (CARE) program. County and local organizations, non-profits, businesses, schools, and tribes are eligible to apply. This community-based program builds partnerships focused on reducing toxic risks from numerous sources. CARE cooperating agreements will be provided at two levels. Level I awards ($75,000-$100,000) are for starting community-based partnerships to assess toxics and consider options for reducing environmental risks. Level II awards ($150,000-$300,000) are for communities that that have broad-based partnerships, have identified toxic risks, and are ready to measure results and implement solutions. Grants are awarded as a two-year cooperative agreement. Proposals are due March 9, 2010. For more information, visit www.epa.gov/care.
EPA Wetland Grants Database (WGD)
The WGD is a database provides information on Wetland Program Development Grants such as project descriptions, grant amounts, final reports, geolocational information, case studies, and more. They also have a “Model Products” section that highlights valuable products. It is meant to be a learning tool for applicants to learn from what others have done. To view the database, visit http://iaspub.epa.gov/pls/grts/f?p=101:1 and click on the link that says, "Click here for Public Access (read-only)."
PA Council of Trout Unlimited – Trout in the Classroom
The Trout in the Classroom program teaches students about coldwater conservation by raising brook trout from eggs to fingerlings in a classroom aquarium. Teachers can integrate this learning experience into subjects such as science, social studies, mathematics, language arts, fine arts, and physical education. Two copies of the application must be postmarked by February 26, 2010. For more information, visit http://www.patrout.org/TIC.html
BoatU.S. Foundation Grassroots Grants Program
Funding up to $4,000 is provided to local volunteer organizations to promote safe and clean boating education. Submit your creative and innovative projects that can range from educating the public about boating under the influence to educating the public about invasive species. Applications are due February 28, 2010. Grants will be awarded in April. For more information, visit http://www.boatus.com/Foundation/Grants/.
USDA Encourages Farmers Within Chesapeake Bay Watershed to Signup for Conservation Program
The Chesapeake Bay Watershed Initiative (CBWI) is providing technical and financial conservation assistance for Pennsylvania agricultural producers located within the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The focus is on controlling erosion and minimizing excess nutrients and sediments entering the Chesapeake Bay. Practices include crop residue management, crop nutrient management,
cover crops, buffers, and streamside fencing to keep livestock out of streams and protect fish and wildlife habitat. Applications will be accepted and evaluated throughout the year on a monthly basis. The applications will be evaluated, ranked, and prioritized based on the effectiveness to control erosion and reduce sediment and nutrients in the Chesapeake Bay. First, contact your local NRCS or Conservation District for assistance. The application and information can be found by visiting www.pa.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/cbwi/index.html.
PROP Recycling Festival Best Video Competition
The Pennsylvania’s State Recycling Association is hosting this event. Use your talents and creativity to create a video about recycling and/or about your local recycling program. A cash prize is provided for the “Best Video” and your video could be posted on the Internet. Submissions are due by July 9, 2010.
For more information, visit http://www.proprecycles.org/Conference/2010/2010%20Conference.html and click on “3rd Annual Recycling Film Festival” at the bottom of the page.
4th Annual Rachel Carson “Sense of Wonder” Contest
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is hosting this creativity contest. Categories include poetry, photography, essays and dance. Entries should focus on instilling a sense of wonder for the environment for all generations and to inspire environmental stewardship. Form a team of two or more people from younger and older generations and submit team entries by June 16, 2010. The public will have the opportunity to vote. Winners will be announced in October 2010.
http://www.epa.gov/aging/resources/thesenseofwonder/index.htm
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Working Woodlands provides assistance to those who enter into a long-term non-development agreement. Assistance includes a full forest and carbon inventory, a 10-year forest management plan, enrollment in Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification, 100% of all FSC certified timber and wood biomass revenues, and more. For criteria, visit http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/pennsylvania/forests/
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Link
Of The Month
“Ask a Soil Scientist”
Provided by the Soil Science Society of America, this program is for students and teachers of all ages. You can find answers to questions about soils, soil science, and careers in soil science. Questions are submitted to a Soil Science Society of America member in your region. You can also request for a soil scientist to visit your classroom. It may take 24-48 hours for a response. www.soils.org/lessons/ask
BMP of the Month
BMP of the Month:
Infiltration Basin
An
infiltration basin is an impoundment area that stores and
infiltrates stormwater runoff through permeable soils.
Typically flat and shallow, infiltration basins allow water to
percolate through the soils, often to the groundwater table.
Infiltration basins reduce stormwater runoff volume and peak rate
control and increase water quality and groundwater recharge.
To view the Pennsylvania Stormwater Best Management Practices
Manual, visit
http://www.elibrary.dep.state.pa.us/dsweb/View/Collection-8305
Tools and Publications
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Status Report for the National Wetlands Inventory Program 2009
This report provides an overview of the National Wetlands Inventory program, whose focus has been on wetland mapping and producing geospacial wetland data within the United States. To view the report, visit http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/_documents/gOther/StatusReportNWIProgram2009.pdf
Flood Pulsing in Wetlands: Restoring the Natural Hydrological Balance
This book, written by Beth A. Middleton, discusses flood pulsing and its important role in seed dispersal and successful long term restoration management. Flood pulsing is a natural occurrence in ecosystems of rivers, streams, and cypress swamps. To download this e-book, go to: http://ebooks4science.blogspot.com/2010/01/flood-pulsing-in-wetlands-restoring.html
New Ecosystem-based Management (EBM) Roadmap Website
This website provides practical support for ecosystem-based management. It provides readings, case studies, methods, tools and data on EBM. For more information, visit http://www.ebmtools.org/roadmap.html.
USDA Forest Service – Information and Tools for Land Managers
The Climate
Change Resource Center (CCRC) is a reference website for resource managers and
decision makers addressing climate change in planning and implementing
projects. The site provides information, basic climate modules, maps,
simulations, case studies, and toolkits. It is a joint project of the Forest
Service Research Stations and the Environmental Threat Assessment Centers.
http://www.fs.fed.us/ccrc/
Taking a National Approach to Finding Local Low Impact Development Projects
This new web atlas provides examples of innovative low impact development (LID) projects such as vegetated swales, green roofs, rain barrels and more. The LID Atlas was launched by the National NEMO Network. You can search for a project name, specific LID practice, by state, or by land-use type.
http://clear.uconn.edu/tools/lidmap/
Small Drinking Water System Case Studies on System Partnerships for Achieving Sustainability
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is providing “Gaining Operational and Managerial Efficiencies Through Water System Partnerships”, a collection of case studies that show how small drinking water systems have improved their technical and financial status by partnering with other water systems. There are many potential benefits of partnerships. To view the document, visit http://www.epa.gov/safewater/smallsystems/financialhelp.html. You can also order hard copies by contacting the National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP) at 1-800-490-9198 or nscep@bps-lmit.com.
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Check out the pictures of these 11 meter long gypsum megacrystals discovered in Mexico (much larger than the snow crystals pictured to the left). The massive crystals were formed over the last 200,000 years. The crystals were formed by climate shifts, from wet to dry. Calcium built up and was available to form the megacrystals.
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F. X. Browne, Inc. – Environmental Consulting
F. X.
Browne, Inc.
Engineers – Planners – Scientists
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Corporate Office: Lansdale,
PA
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For more information, call us at (215) 362-3878 or visit: http://www.fxbrowne.com